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译文(字数 5139):
供应方应对需求方的对策
供给学派理论的起源在交易方程式中被反映了出来。在第13章中提到,方程式M*V=P*Q是关于价格和产出的总开支的关系。
在13章中,我们使用交换方程来说明财政和货币政策是如何运作的。等式的左边是关于需求方面的操作。货币政策试图改变货币的供应量(M),而财政政策则侧重于货币流通速度(V)。在这两种情况下,政策的的目标是改变商品价格水平(P)或商品的数量Q)。换句话说,交换等式的左边是需求方面的宏观经济政策的工具,等式的右边是宏观经济政策的目标。
尽管财政和货币政策可以改变总体的支出水平,但是并没有对价格或输出速率产生直接的影响。价格和输出的结果取决于生产者应对变化的总开支。
例如,假设我们想刺激总需求从而降低失业率,我们可以通过增加货币供应量或者货币流通速度来增加总的支出水平,但是我们不知道究竟是价格(P)会上升,还是实际商品产出数量(Q)会上升,又或者两者都会上升,当然,我们的目标是通过增加商品的产出数量来减少失业率。然而,我们能保证的是等式右边的价值将上升,但是我们不能保证哪个部分会上升,可能会发生价格(P)上升而不是商品数量(Q)会上升。我们不仅需要面对我们最初的失业问题还需面对一个新的关于通货膨胀的问题。
外文原文(字符数 12794):
SUPPLY-SIDE RESPONSES TO DEMAND-SIDE POLICIES
The origins of supply-side theory are reflected in equation of exchange .As noted in Chapter 13 ,the equation M*V=P*Q relates aggregate spending to prices and output .
The various responses of the economy to demand-side policies are illustrated in Figure14.1 .Figure 14.1a depicts the Keynesian view .By cutting taxes or increasing public spending , the government can increase the rate of aggregate demand at any given price level .But what happens to price and real output as demand expands? According to Keynes , producers will respond automatically to increased demand by increasing output .Prices will not be raised until capacity is reached . Accordingly, the aggregate supply curve is horizontal until capacity ; then it rises abruptly . below capacity production, increased demand raises output only ,not prices .
Figure 14.1 different view of aggregate supply
(a)The Keynesian view
In the simple Keynesian model , the rate of output responds fully and automatically to increase in demand until full employment is reached . If demand increases from D1 to D2 , equilibrium GNP will expand from Q1 to Q*, without any inflation .Inflation becomes a problem only if demand increase beyond capacity- to D3 , for example .