译文（字数 7145）：

加强工伤制度的作用，以帮助防止工伤事故和职业病

问题和挑战

各种工伤制度

工伤制度制定在各个国家之间有很大的差异。工伤制度在世界上广泛的展示了包括通过社会伙伴的自我管理、经济上独立于国家预算、行政管理自治体系。尽管基于法律，通过体系的部分税收和/或供款和国家社会保障计划，由政府部门执行。用人单位有义务从私人保险企业购买工伤保险（雇主责任保险）。

    在一般的制度中，主要包含两种工伤制度形式，社会保险制度和雇主责任制度。无论哪种类型的制度，几乎对雇主都是强制性的。

    对各国工伤制度的调查，基本上都是基于社会保险制度，24个国家中有17个国家描述他们的制度是作为社会保险的一部分，其中10个国家分离出工伤保险，7个国家的工伤制度是与社会保险制度紧密相连的（例如意外事故保险和健康保险中选一个）。所有拥有英国人-撒克逊、美国人或与他们紧密相连的五美元的国家都是雇主责任制度，例如：澳大利亚、肯尼亚、沙乌地阿拉伯半岛和新加坡。被调查的国家中只哥伦比亚一个国家的工伤制度是一个混合公共和私人的体系。

下面的表格给出一些工伤体制的差异性，甚至于相邻的国家。它结合了由博士Sven Timm与南部非洲和亚洲太平洋研究在最后一章中提到的24个国家的调查结果。

外文原文（字符数 22244）：

Strengthening the role of Employment Injury Schemes to Help Prevent Occupational Accidents and Diseases

2 Issues and challenges

2.1 Types of employment injury schemes

Arrangements for EI schemes vary widely between individual countries. EI schemes across the world show a broad range from systems which are self-administered by the social partners, financially independent from the State budget, autonomous in administration and management, although based on a law; through systems as part of the tax- and/or contribution-based and State-run social security scheme conducted by governmental authorities; to systems where the employer is obliged to purchase EI insurance (Employers’ liability insurance) from private insurance enterprises.

In general terms there are two main forms of EI schemes, social insurance and employer liability. Whatever the type of scheme, most are mandatory for the employer.

With regard to the countries surveyed the predominant type of EI schemes were social insurance-based systems. 17 of the 24 countries described their systems as part of a social insurance system, of which ten were separate systems for EI insurance, and seven were combined systems of social insurance (e.g. accident insurance and health insurance as one). All five countries with an employers’ liability scheme have an Anglo-Saxon or US background or close relation to them, such as Australia, Costa Rica, Kenya, Saudi Arabia and Singapore. Only in one of the surveyed countries, Columbia, was there a public-private mix of systems.