摘要:词语是由语素组成的最小造句单位，不同语言的词语差别很大，汉语有少用名词多用动词的特点而英语则相反。英文句子中一般只有一个谓语动词，但可以用其他词类表达动作含义。词语的翻译是篇章翻译的基础，对比英汉词语异同，有助于我们更好的理解两种语言的特点，在保留原文特点的基础上，使译文更符合译入语的表达习惯。本文在对英汉词语进行对比研究后发现，与汉语相比，英语是一门起源比较晚的语言，属于印欧语系。英汉词语的差异集中体现在，构词、词性、词义、语调、形态、使用习惯、被动语态、及历史文化等方面， 为实现最佳翻译效果就要分析根据汉英词语的特点，以及在文中的对应关系，正确理解原语的词汇意义并针对具体情况选择恰当的翻译方法，常见的翻译方法有，直译法，意译法，增词法，转译法，省略法，重复法，等方法。在一些专有名词的翻译上多采用直译法，为了使句子通顺，符合译入语的表达习惯，有时我们会用到增词法、省略法、词性转换法和重复法。此外由于英语词义灵活，一词多义现象广泛存在，同一词语在不同的语境中的词汇意义也不尽相同，而在汉语中词语的含义却不太受语境机制的影响，需要我们要结合具体语境分析特定情况下词语的真正含义。词汇意义本身是一个动态、不确定的概念，在翻译中很难做到词语含义的完全对等，但通过运用翻译技巧我们可以在翻译中最大限度的保留原文的词汇的含义与形式.对比研究表明，翻译中还要考虑到历史文化因素，有些词语在一些文化中是禁忌语，因而要考虑使用其他词语替代。

 

关键词：英语；汉语；词汇；对比； 翻译

 

Contents

中文摘要

Abstract

1.Introduction-1

2.Features of English and Chinese Words-3

2.1 Features of English Words-3

2.1.1Phonetic Features of English Words-3

2.1.2 Features of English Words' Meanings-3

2.1.3 Features of English Words' Formation-5

2.1.4Historical Features of English Language-5

2.1.5 Usage of Articles-5

2.1.6 Extensive Use of Passive Voice-6

2.1.7 Usage of Complementizers in English-7

2.2. Characteristics of Chinese Words-7

2.2.1 Chinese Phonetic Features-7

2.2.2Features of Chinese Word Meanings-8

2.2.3 Features of Chinese Word Formation-8

2.2.4Historical Features of Chinese Language-9

2.3 Comparative Analysis of Similarities and Differences between English and Chinese-9

2.3.1 Features in Collocations-9

2.3.2 Word Order Features-10

2.3.3 Loanwords in both English and Chinese Languages-10

2.3.4 Comparison of English and Chinese Lexical Meanings-11

2.3.5Polysemes as Intransitive Verb as Predicates-12

2.3.6 Comparison in Tones-12

2.3.7 Word Class Comparison-12

3. Word Translation Techniques-14

3.1 Amplification-14

3.1.1Adding Verbs-14

3.1.2 Adding Adjectives-14

3.1.3Adding Adverbs-15

3.1.4 Adding Nouns-15

3.2Ellipsis-15

3.2.1 Ellipsis of the Pronouns-15

3.2.2Ellipsis of the Subject-15

3.2.3 Ellipsis of the Non-personal Pronoun “It”-16

3.2.4 Ellipsis of the Connective Words-16

3.2.5 Ellipsis of the Articles-16

3.3 Repetition-17

3.3.1 Repeating Nouns:-17

3.3.2Repeating Verbs-17

3.3.3Repeating Pronouns-17

3.4 Reverse Translation-18

3.4.1 Translating From the Opposite Side.-18

4.Comparison of Word Class in Translation-20

​​4.1 Translating into Verbs-20

4.2Translation of English Pronouns-20

4.3 English Nominalization-20

4.4 Dynamic Features of English Adjectives and Adverbs in Translation-22

5.Conclusion-24

References-25

Acknowledgements-26