译文（字数 6684）：

1 引言

煤矿井下或其他地面最严重的危险是具有着火、爆炸危险的设备。这些不经常发生，但是这些可能造成惨重的生命、财产和矿产储量的损失，而且小事故太频繁。煤矿火灾事件数量没有下降，尽管在煤矿环境设计和危险控制方面有了较大的改进。这些导致了两个问题，第一个是各种新型材料进入现代煤矿，从树脂和塑料到液体燃料和液压液；另一个因素是不断增加的机械化程度，许多机械包含着易燃的液体和物质，当过热时能产生有毒烟雾。在十八世纪和十九世纪期间，煤矿火灾和爆炸导致了巨大的生产损失，人们怪罪到那个世纪的工程师和科学家。尽管在二十世纪80年代煤矿火灾仍是一个迫切需要解决的课题。

煤矿火灾和爆炸中大部分人之死不是由燃烧和爆炸导致的，而是吸入毒气，特别是一氧化碳。井下和地面建筑产生的火灾有两个不同点。第一点是距离长，常常有几千米，那里的人可能通过充满烟雾的巷道。第二点是通风路线受风巷和工作面边界的限制，风流和火的习性，两者密切的相互作用。

这些对于没有经验的人是困难的，包括完全隔离的感觉和迷失的方向时凭感觉通过长长的充满烟雾零可见度的风巷。在没有照明的回风巷关闭矿灯不行是一个很好的训练，即使没有严重污染空气的损失。

所以，一个正在进行的重要事情是地下开采设计和施工全部人员应该有关于预防和发现井下火灾的知识，以及人员预警系统，逃亡路线，灭火（消防）方案，有毒气体，培训，消防训练和对于火灾紧急事件迅速反应是至关重要的。在这个章节有些讨论。

外文原文（字符数 22591）：

1. Introduction

The most feared of hazards in underground mines or other subsurface facilities are those of fires and explosions. Like airplane crashes, these do not occur often but, when they do, have the potential of causing disastrous loss of life and property as well as a temporary or permanent sterilization of mineral reserves. Furthermore, “near-misses” occur all too frequently .the incidence of min fires appears not to be declining despite greatly improved methods of mine environmental design and hazard control .this is a consequence of two matters .first the growing variety of material that are imported into modern mine workings, varying from resins and plastics to liquid fuels and hydraulic fluids. a second factor is the conations increase in the employment of mechanized procedures, mange of the matching involving flammable liquids and materials that can produce toxic fumes when over-heated .the enormous loss of life due to mine fires and explosions during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries preoccupied the minds of mining engineers and scientists of the time .through the 1980’s, mine fires reemerged as a topic of pressing research need.

The majority of deaths arising from mine fires and explosions are caused, not by burning or blast effects, but by the inhalation of toxic gases, in particular, carbon monoxide. There are two major differences between underground fires and those that occur in surface structures. The first concerns the long distances, often several kilometers that personnel might be required to travel in passageways that may be smoke-filed. Secondly, the ventilation routes are bounded by the confines of the airways and workings, causing closely coupled interactions between the airflows and behavior of the fire.